Learn
A computed figure only helps if you know how to read it. One page per metric: what it measures, how to read its thresholds, and — the part most tools leave out — what it does not tell you.
The Beneish M-Score
An eight-factor model that estimates how consistent a set of accounts is with earnings manipulation — and why the factors matter more than the score.
Read the guideThe Sloan ratio and accrual quality
How much of a company’s earnings are accounting entries rather than cash — and why distance from zero is what matters, in both directions.
Read the guideHedge-word density
How much hedging language a filing contains per 1,000 words, measured against a typical-filing baseline — counted, not interpreted.
Read the guideFootnote diffs, and why "immaterial" is worth reading
What changed in the notes since the last filing, rated for materiality — including the revisions a company would rather you skipped.
Read the guideThe five ratio groups
Profitability, liquidity, leverage, efficiency and growth — what each group is for, and why they are read together rather than separately.
Read the guide